Results Framework
The NDRMF Results Framework shows the relevant indicators that link with the different NDRMF activities as derived from the National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP) and National Flood Protection Plan (NFPP-IV). The results indicators will serve to measure the performance through routine M&E to ensure NDRMF objectives/purpose are met.
Performance Indicators 1: Number of people vulnerable to the negative impacts of multiple natural hazards as of 2016 better protected and became resilient | Indicator Definition Number of people-Â As defined by NDRMF, these are the direct beneficiaries of NDRMF interventions who have been made safe and have improved resilience against direct and indirect impacts of multiple natural hazards.
|
| 2: Hectare of land protected (agriculture/non-agriculture) against negative impacts of multiple natural disasters | Hectare of land-Â This is the unit of measurement for the area protected through NDRMF funded interventions, i.e. flood protection structures, etc. Agriculture/non-agriculture- This includes areas used to produce annual crops, such as corn, vegetables, soybeans, tobacco, and cotton, etc. (NDMA, 2018), as well as non-agricultural land areas containing key civil infrastructure (including cultural heritage), houses, etc. Natural disasters-Â Events that are caused purely by natural phenomena such as earthquakes, floods, cyclones, etc. (NDMA, 2018). |
Results Chain
Performance Indicators
Indicator Definition
| 1.1 Enhanced and strengthened organizational capacity at national, provincial, district levels for DRR | 1.1a: Number of established and/or functional disaster risk management organizations at national, provincial and district levels | Disaster risk management-Â The systematic process of using administrative directives, organizations, and operational skills and capacities to implement strategies, policies and improved coping capacities in order to lessen the adverse impacts of hazards and the possibility of disaster (NDMA, 2018). |
| 1.1b: Number of disaster risk and disaster management operation developed | Disaster Management-Â Managing the complete spectrum of disaster including preparedness, mitigation, response, recovery, relief, and rehabilitation (NDMA, 2018). Disaster Risk-Â The potential disaster losses, in lives, health status, livelihoods, assets, and services, which could occur to a particular community or a society over some specified future time period (NDMA, 2018). Disaster risk management operations-Â As per NDMP (2012), these include any kind of disaster operation and contingency plans formulated for relevant organizations at the national, provincial, district and Tehsil level. | |
| 1.1c: Number of periodic meetings among the disaster management organizations to monitor the situations | Number of meetings– These are meetings held periodically (e.g. bi-weekly, monthly, bi-annual) among the disaster management organizations established through NDRMF funds. Disaster management organizations- As per NDMP (2012), these are the disaster risk management organizations (public/private) that are functional at national, provincial, district and Tehsil levels (including relevant government line departments, private institutions, DRR network groups, etc). Situations- As per the NDRMF mandate, these relate to natural disaster risk-related emergencies at the provincial, district, Tehsil levels. | |
| 1.1d: Number of drills & training of disaster management activities implemented in organizations to improve capacities | Drills & training-Â These are disaster-related mock drills and trainings that each disaster management organization implements based on its disaster operation and contingency plans (NDMP, 2012). | |
| 1.2 Disaster Risk Management Plans prepared and operationalized at national, provincial and district levels | 1.2a: Number of Urban Disaster Management Plans formulated | Number of Plans-Â These are the number of Disaster Management Plans developed/formulated for urban municipalities. Disasters Management Plans-Â These are plans that identify hazard-prone areas (Urban districts/municipalities), vulnerabilities, resources available, strategies for risk reduction, evacuation sites and routes, necessary response activities and responsibilities of various stakeholders for disaster preparedness and response. Effective plans also consider and identify securing resources; e.g., stockpiling supplies and earmarking funds (NDMP, 2012). |
| 1.2b Number of Disaster Management Plans implemented | This indicator measures the number of Urban Disaster Management Plans formulated (as reported against indicator 1.2a) that are actually implemented in Urban municipalities by relevant organizations. | |
| 1.3 Developed and Established national hazard and vulnerability assessment | 1.3a: Number of MHVRAs (including climate change and gender-related vulnerabilities) completed | MHVRAs –Multi-Hazard Vulnerability and Risk Assessment (MHVRA) is a comprehensive study that intends to evaluate the expected vulnerabilities, risks and losses due to different hazardous events; both natural or man-induced (NDMA, 2018). |
| 1.3b: Number of assessments/research studies completed | Assessments/research studies-Â As defined by NDRMF, these are hazard-specific risks and vulnerability assessments (e.g. drought specific assessment) or any sectoral research studies (e.g. studies on the impact of climate change on glaciers and ice caps, drought studies, etc.) completed and reviewed and endorsed by NDRMF. | |
| 1.3c: Number of Hazard maps prepared at a local scale in targeted locations | Hazard maps-Â As defined by NDRMF, these are a micro-/meso-/macro level hazard (risk) maps prepared for the most vulnerable locations for natural disasters, e.g. Indus River floods including Kabul and Swat Rivers or flash floods by nullahs and Landslides. | |
| 1.4 Strengthened / Developed multi-hazard early warning systems and evacuation systems | 1.4a: Number of forecasting and early warning systems established/strengthened at a national and local level | Forecast-Â Estimate of the occurrence of a future event (UNESCO, WMO). The term is used with different meanings in different disciplines (NDMA, 2018). |
| 1.4b: Number of early warning dissemination systems developed /strengthened at national and local level | Dissemination systems– These include establishing/strengthening of mechanisms and communication systems to disseminate warning messages to the communities at national and local (UC) levels. As per NDMP (2012), this includes innovation of communication system between PMD and NDMA, among DMAs (NDMA-PDMA-DDMA) and a communication system utilizing cellular phone and radio broadcast networks. | |
| 1.4c: % geographic coverage area of early warning systems increased | Geographic coverage area– This describes the geographical span/locations covered by the early warning systems developed /strengthened at national and local (UC) levels. | |
| 1.5 Improved and developed Infrastructure for disaster risk reduction (including droughts and landslides) | 1.5a: Number of a public building (e.g. schools, hospitals, and other important social public facilities) made safe against disasters and resistant to multiple hazards | Social public facilities- As per NDMP (2012), these are public schools, hospitals and other relevant public facilities located in areas vulnerable to natural disasters. |
| 1.5b: Number of coastal facilities made safe against disasters | Coastal facilities-Â As per NDMP (2012), these are public facilities located in coastal areas, e.g. ports and industrial facilities. | |
| 1.5c: Number of buildings complied with approved codes & guidelines for construction in the areas vulnerable to disasters | Number of buildings– These include all kinds of building structures, including schools and hospitals constructed in areas vulnerable to disasters (particularly earthquakes). | |
| 1.5d: Number of schemes/structures completed for drought mitigation | Drought mitigation schemes/structures-Â As defined by NDRMF, these include any kind of schemes/structures developed in drought prone areas to mitigate its impacts e.g. water harvesting schemes etc. | |
| 1.5e: Number of structures developed/strengthened for land stabilization | Land stabilization structures– As defined by NDRMF, these include any kind of structures developed to improve land stabilization and reduce the impacts of landslides e.g. retaining walls, sediment control measures in mountainous areas, water conservation structures etc.  | |
| 1.5f: Hectare of land stabilized / made safe against landslides | Area stabilized-Â As defined by NDRMF, this includes the total area (to be measured in hectares) that is made safe against landslides through the land stabilization structures developed (as reported against indicator 1.5e). | |
| 1.6 National emergency response plan and system established and operational | 1.6a: Number of National and Sub national emergency response plans are developed | Emergency response plans-These include developing of response plans or refining of standard operating procedures (SOPs) in relevant ministries and departments at federal, provincial and district levels, particularly focused on relevant response strategies to different natural and climate change induced disasters along with roles and responsibilities of different stakeholders (NDMP, 2012). |
| 1.6b: Number of warehousing or stockpiling system developed for storing food, medicine, relief supplies and rescue equipment at strategic locations | Warehousing/ stockpiling system– These include setting up of emergency operation centers/warehouses for stockpiling of food, medicine, relief supplies and rescue equipment (NDMP, 2012). | |
| 1.6c: Number of emergency response capacities established / strengthened such as emergency operation centers, Civil Defense and urban search and rescue teams in major cities | Emergency response capacities– These include the enhancement or capacity development of professionals of relevant line departments as well as agencies (i.e. PRCS, police/fire departments, Rescue 1122 etc.) in emergency response e.g. to undertake assessment of damage for the use of multiple stakeholders; establish search and rescue teams for dealing with multiple hazards; train emergency responders (NDMP, 2012). | |
| 1.6d: Number of robust communication system and/or efficient transport and logistics mechanism established to be used during emergency situations | Robust communication systems– As per NDMP (2012), these include different communication systems to be used during a natural disaster-related emergency situation e.g., radio broadcasting, mobile communication services, up-to-date information or tracking systems, etc. | |
| 1.6e: % of communication systems and/or logistics mechanism activated and put to use in an emergency situation | As defined by NDRMF, this indicator measures the proportion (%) of communication systems and/or logistics mechanisms that are actually activated and put to use during a natural disaster emergency situation (as reported against indicator 1.6d). |
| 2.1 Enhanced awareness and preparedness on disaster risk reduction at the local level | 2.1a: Number of CBDRM plans are developed | CBDRM- Community Based Disaster Risk Management (CBDRM) involves activities, measures, projects and programs to reduce disaster risks which are designed and implemented by people living in at-risk communities based on their urgent and felt needs and capacities (NDMA & UNDP, 2007). CBDRM plans– These are the plans developed for the community level that identify appropriate and do-able measures before, during and after the disaster; focus on prevention, mitigation, and preparedness measures; short-, medium-, long-term disaster management activities (NDMA & UNDP, 2007). |
| 2.1b: Number of CBDRM plans implemented | As defined by NDRMF, this indicator will measure the number of CBDRM plans (as reported against 2.1a) that are actually implemented at the community level for undertaking CBDRM interventions (at the UC level). | |
| 2.1c: % of CBDRM plans implemented | As defined by NDRMF, this is an additional indicator to measure the proportion (%) of CBDRM plans that are implemented to provide an assessment of the usage of these plans. | |
| 2.1d: Number of established and/or functional disaster risk management organizations at the community level | DRM organizations– These are community-level institutions e.g. DRMCs established as part of CBDRM interventions undertaken by NDRMF FIPs. These community organizations/committees will be trained about CBDRM planning, local early warning system, evacuation, first aid, search and rescue, firefighting, etc. (NDMA & UNDP, 2007). Community-level- These are activities implemented at the Union Council (UC) level, i.e. through UCDRMCs (as defined by NDRMF). | |
| 2.2 Capacitated and trained government agencies and other organizations related to a charge of disaster risk reduction & management | 2.2a: Number of capacity building programs conducted for relevant government and other staff | Capacity building-Â Efforts aimed to develop human skills or societal infrastructure within a community or organization needed to reduce the level of risk. In extended understanding, capacity building also includes the development of institutional, financial, political and other resources, at different levels of the society (NDMA, 2018). |
| 2.2b: Number of CBDRM trainings conducted at the community level | CBDRM trainings– These are trainings to impart knowledge, skills and strengthening the ability of communities on Disaster Risk Reduction, including implementation of short-, medium-, long term structural and nonstructural measures to reduce vulnerability and increase the capacity of the target audience (NDMA & UNDP, 2007). | |
| 2.2c: Number of relevant government and other staff trained in DRR | As defined by NDRMF, this indicator measures the total number of relevant staff from government agencies and other relevant organizations trained in disaster management programmes (as reported against 2.2a). | |
| 2.2d: Number of individuals trained in DRR at the community level | As defined by NDRMF, this indicator measures the total individuals (represented in community-level committees at UC level) that are trained in CBDRM/DRR (as reported against 2.2b). | |
| 2.3 Disaster risk reduction mainstreamed into provincial development plans (ADP) | 2.3a: Number of DRR policies developed for the National Development Plan and National Poverty Reduction Strategy | DRR policies-Â These include DRR policies (focusing on risk assessment, prevention, mitigation, and preparedness, etc.) to mainstream and include DRR as a national policy within the National Development Plan and National Poverty Reduction Strategy of Pakistan (NDMP, 2012). |
| 2.3b: Number of sectoral guidelines developed on mainstreaming disaster risk reduction | Sectoral guidelines-Â As defined by NDRMF, these include sector-specific DRR guidelines (agriculture, water, health, etc.) to mainstream DRR into development plans |
Â
| 3.1 Improved flood protection infrastructure to reduce Flooding associated impacts and incidents   | 3.1a: Number of established/strengthened Watershed Management organizations and watershed operations | Watershed management- This is the process of implementing land use and water management practices to protect and improve the quality of the water and other natural resources within a watershed (NFPP-1V, 2015). Watershed management organizations- These include establishing of Watershed Management Departments/Agencies with the relevant provincial Governments (like other districts, and Balochistan) or strengthening of departments through necessary legislation (NFPP-1V, 2015).
|
| 3.1b: Number of drainage channel improved/established | Drainage channel-These includes channels and networks for improved flood drainage (including urban drainage systems) (NFPP-IV, 2015). Improved/established-Â These include improvements in existing drainage systems (including stormwater drainage) keeping in view climate change perspective, e.g. improving the conveyance capacity of a channel within the river, etc. (NFPP-IV, 2015). | |
| 3.1c: KM of new river training works (flood management structures) financed by the NDRMF using a community-led approach | KM-Â This is the unit of measurement (in Kilometers) of the new flood protection infrastructure built using a community-led approach. Flood management structures-Â These include flood protection structures/works for checking spill and erosive action in river reaches built to protect communities against flooding, e.g. embankments/bunds, Gabions, and protection/retention walls, etc. (NFPP-1V, 2015).
| |
| 3.1d: Number of Dams and/or reservoirs developed | Dams and reservoirs-Â As defined by NDRMF, this measures the number of small structures/reservoirs constructed for flood mitigation/protection. | |
| 3.1e: Number of flood protection/water conservation structures and river training works constructed/improved (levees, dikes, GLOF schemes, etc.) | Flood management structures-Â These include flood protection structures/works for checking spill and erosive action in reaches of major and other rivers, e.g. embankments/bunds, gabions, and protection/retention walls, etc. (NFPP-1V, 2015). | |
| 3.1f: KM of critical flood disaster risk reduction structures retrofitted and/or reconstructed | KM- This is the unit of measurement (in kilometers) of new or retrofitted flood protection flood disaster risk reduction structures financed by the NDRMF. Flood disaster risk reduction structures– These include flood protection structures/works for checking spill and erosive action in reaches of major and other rivers, e.g. embankments/bunds, gabions, water conservation structures, and protection/retention walls, etc. (NFPP-IV,2015). | |
| 3.1g: Number of Breaching Sections developed /strengthened to diverge High flood flow | Breaching Sections- These include artificial breaches to cater to a situation where flood endangers the safety of hydraulic structure or bridge or nearby city (NFPP-1V, 2015). Developed/strengthened- This should include developing of new breaching sections or undertaking a review of the existing breaching mechanism of the river embankments (flood bunds) to ascertain their effectiveness and possible flow paths, flow depths, velocities and inundation extents of breach flood flows for the strengthening of these mechanisms (NFPP-1V, 2015). | |
| 3.2 Improved flooding policies, systems, and regulations to reduce Susceptibility to Damage | 3.2a: Number of Floodplain regulation formulated/developed | Floodplain regulation- This includes the formulation of regulations to control existing and future floodplain land use. ‘River Act’ for the river’s floodplains has also been formulated during NFPP-IV studies, and there is a strong need to carry out necessary legislation at the provincial as well federal level. Provinces may modify it according to their requirements, from the river to the river (NFPP-1V, 2015). |
| 3.2b Number of Watershed policies formulated | Watershed management-Â This is the process of implementing land use and water management practices to protect and improve the quality of the water and other natural resources within a watershed (NFPP-IV). Watershed policies-Â This is to formulate watershed management policy, guidelines or plan for each of rivers according to their requirement (including forest use and management). (NFPP-1V, 2015) | |
| 3.2c: Number of Flood Forecasting mechanism/systems established | Flood forecasting systems– These include developing systems that issue precipitation and flood forecasts based on weather charts, satellite mapped precipitation, statistical flood forecasting tool, etc. (NFPP-IV). | |
| 3.2d: Number of rain and river gauging stations/networks upgraded/strengthened/developed | Rain and river gauging networks- These include a wide hydro-meteorological network and installation of gauging stations/radars to enable observation of data for precipitation, evaporation, streamflow, sediment monitoring and water quality (with respect to the physiographic classification of terrain) for early warning and flood forecasting (NFPP-IV, 2015). Upgraded/strengthened-Â Existing rain and river gauging networks are examined for weaknesses and are further strengthened.
| |
| 3.2e: Number of Urban Flood Management Models /Decision Support Systems developed | Urban flood management models-Â These are models/systems developed for flood risk estimation and modeling and sustainable management of urban flooding (defined by NDRMF). |
Â
| 4.1 Gender-sensitive national DRF strategy developed | 4.1a: Number of gender-sensitive national DRF strategy developed | National DRF strategy– This includes the development of a comprehensive national Disaster Risk Financing strategy based on the quantitative risk modeling analysis for the primary natural hazards faced by Pakistan. The risk modeling work will be used to derive disaster risk maps and quantitative national and sub-national information on the expected levels of loss for hazard events of varying types, intensities, and return periods (ADB-PAM, 2016). Gender-sensitive- As defined by NDRMF, this is aimed at including gender perspectives in all activities and processes (e.g. strategy development, implementation, and monitoring, etc.). |
| 4.2 Gender-inclusive DRF instruments developed and implemented | 4.2a: Number of gender-inclusive DRF instruments developed (with targeted interventions for the poor and vulnerable) | DRF instruments- These are the appropriate disaster risk financing tools, including insurance mechanisms, to strengthen the country’s DRM capabilities. This will also take into account the scale of funding required for each layer of loss required for relief, early recovery and reconstruction purposes, the relative cost-effectiveness of alternative instruments for specific layers of loss, the particular disaster-related needs of vulnerable groups, and contribution to long-term disaster resilience (ADB-PAM, 2016). |
| 4.2b: Number of gender-inclusive DRF instruments piloted (with targeted interventions for the poor and vulnerable) | As defined by NDRMF, this indicator will measure the number of DRF instruments developed (as reported against indicator 4.2a) that are piloted to strengthen the country’s DRM capabilities. |
Â
| 5.1: Project designs of FIPs fully integrated gender issues | 5.1a: Capacity building tools developed and implemented for FIPs | Capacity building tools-Â As defined by NDRMF, these include gender analysis mapping tool, vulnerability assessment, GAP reporting tool, GAP monitoring framework designed by NDRMF to impart knowledge, skills and strengthening the ability of NDRMF FIPs on gender mainstreaming in DRR projects. |
| 5.1b: Number of women directly benefited by NDRMF projects | Number of women-Â As defined by NDRMF, these are the direct women beneficiaries who have benefited from NDRMF projects, and have been made safe and have improved resilience against direct and indirect impacts of multiple natural hazards as a result of NDRMF interventions. | |
| 5.1c: % of women directly benefited by NDRMF projects | % of women-Â As defined by NDRMF, this is the proportion (%) of women (out of the total beneficiaries) who have benefited from NDRMF projects, and have been made safe and have improved resilience against direct and indirect impacts of multiple natural hazards as a result of NDRMF interventions. | |
| 5.1d: Number of trainings delivered to FIPs | Number of trainings- As defined by NDRMF, these are the trainings conducted by NDRMF Gender unit for the FIPs focusing on climate change and gender mainstreaming and the various gender tools, such as gender analysis mapping tool, vulnerability assessment, GAP reporting tool, GAP monitoring framework on gender equality /women’s empowerment issues in DRR. | |
| 5.1e: % of progress reports that incorporate gender equality /women’s empowerment issues and assess results | % of progress reports- These are the proportion (%) of FIP’s quarterly and annual progress reports (out of the total) submitted to NDRMF, and also the NDRMF reports submitted to Donors (defined by NDRMF).  Gender equality- At organization (NDRMF) level, this refers to policy measures and affirmative actions taken aiming to grant equal employment opportunities; at FIP level it means men and women, boys and girls and PWDs equally benefit from NDRMF projects (defined by NDRMF). Women’s empowerment- As defined by NDRMF, this is to empower women to make strategic life choices, their access to and control over resources (human, social, natural, financial and physical) needs to be strengthened, as well as their ability to make use of these resources (which implies changing discriminatory rules, norms, and customs). | |
| 5.1f: % of FIP projects with targets of gender action plan implemented and monitored | % of FIP projects- These are the proportion (%) of DRR projects out of the total NDRMF projects implemented by FIPs (defined by NDRMF).  Gender Action Plan- Gender Action Plan (GAP) serves to reinforce the commitments to gender found in the NDRMF strategic plans. The document specifies intentions to promote gender equality across all of the organization’s work different levels, in alignment with the Gender and Development Plan (GADP). The GAP also serves as a roadmap for supporting the achievement of gender equality goals within a specified timeframe and required resources (ADB-PAM, 2016). | |
| 5.1g: % of projects that have developed gender-sensitive disaster response plans | % of projects-Â As defined by NDRMF, these are the proportion (%) of DRR projects out of the total NDRMF projects with the approved budget for gender mainstreaming at the project level. Â Disaster response plans-Â These are plans that identify hazard-prone areas (districts/municipalities), vulnerabilities, resources available, strategies for risk reduction, and responsibilities of various stakeholders for disaster preparedness and response (NDMP, 2012). Gender-sensitive-Â As defined by NDRMF, this is aimed at including gender perspectives in all activities and processes (e.g. policy development, legislation, implementation and monitoring of projects and programs, etc.). | |
| 5.2 Project designs of FIPs fully integrated environment and social safeguards according to ESMS guidelines and requirements | 5.2a: Number of Capacity building tools developed and implemented for FIPs | Capacity building tools-Â As defined by NDRMF, these include ESMS SOPs, Safeguards (environment and social) training manual including screening checklists and orientation material designed by NDRMF to impart knowledge, skills and strengthening the ability of NDRMF FIPs on meeting environmental and social safeguards in FIP projects. |
| 5.2b: Number of training delivered to FIP | Number of trainings-Â As defined by NDRMF, these are the trainings conducted by the NDRMF Social/Environment Safeguards team for the FIPs focusing on orientation of ESMS compliance, SOPs, Safeguards screening checklists. | |
| 5.2c: % of projects screened & categorized on the basis ESMS guidelines | % of projects- A defined by NDRMF, these are the proportion (%) of DRR projects having environmental and social impacts.  Screened and categorized- A rigorous screening system designed to assess whether the proposed sub-projects have adequately addressed environment, social and Indigenous Peoples safeguards (the Fund’s specific checklists are provided in the NDRMF ESMS manual) (NDRMF, 2018). ESMS guidelines- The Environment and Social Management System (ESMS) of NDMRF defines policies, principles, procedures, institutional arrangements and its financing operations for managing adverse environmental and social risks and impacts that would be caused by the sub-projects, which are to be financed by the NDRMF. The Fund has established an appropriate ESMS as a part of its overall management system to meet E&S related national laws and regulations, and international conventions and agreements as well as international best practices such as ADB requirements for financial intermediaries (FI) (NDRMF, 2018). | |
| 5.2d: % of progress reports that incorporated ESMS compliance guidelines and requirements | % of progress reports- These are the proportion (%) of FIP’s quarterly and annual progress reports (out of the total) submitted to NDRMF and NDRMF reports submitted to Donors (defined by NDRMF).  ESMS compliance- The Fund has established an appropriate ESMS as a part of its overall management system to meet E&S related national laws and regulations, and international conventions and agreements as well as international best practices such as ADB requirements for financial intermediaries (FI) (NDRMF, 2018). | |
| 5.2e: % of projects having Environment & Social risk identification and mitigation measures applied | % of projects-Â A defined by NDRMF, these are the proportion (%) of DRR projects having environmental and social impacts. Â Environmental risks-Â These are the actual or potential adverse effects on living organisms and the environment arising out of FIPs project activities. Environmental exposures may affect soil, water, air or ecosystems, as well as the plants and animals in the project sites and surrounding areas (NDRMF, 2018). Social risks-Â These include social issues such as involuntary resettlement, rights of indigenous peoples, gender, labor, and other social risks that may arise in projects. These also include impacts on livelihoods, particularly where projects cause changes in patterns of use of land, water, and other natural resources, which impacts the men, and women using these resources for their livelihoods (NDRMF, 2018). Mitigation measures-Â As defined by NDRMF, these are all measures identified in an Environment and Social Management Plan (ESMP) by FIPs (prior to and during project implementation) to mitigate the social and environmental risks of their projects. |
Â
References:
ADB-PAM, 2016, Project Administration Manual.
NDMP, 2012, National Disaster Management Plan. Available at:Â http://www.ndma.gov.pk/plans/NDMP-Main%20Vol.pdf
NDRMF, 2018, Environment and Social Management System (ESMS)-2018. Available at:Â https://www.ndrmf.pk/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/NDRMF-ESMS-Final-by-Saeed-Ch..pdf
NDMA, 2018, Multi-Hazard Vulnerability and Risk Assessment, District Multan Punjab-Pakistan. Available at:Â http://www.ndma.gov.pk/publications/Optimized/Multan%20MHVRA%20Atlas.pdf
NDMA & UNDP, 2007, Community Based Disaster Risk Management (Participants Workbook). Available at:Â http://www.ndma.gov.pk/publications/CBDRM%20Participants%20workbook%20(English).pdf
NFPP-IV, 2015, National Flood Protection Plan-IV. Available at:Â http://mowr.gov.pk/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/National-Flood-Protection-Plan-IV-NFPP-IV-1.pdf
PEC, 2007, Building Code of Pakistan (Seismic Provsions-2007). Available at:Â https://www.pec.org.pk/building_code_pakistan.aspx
WB, 2018, Community-Driven Development-The World Bank. Available at:Â http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/communitydrivendevelopment
